Spatial Statistics for Urban Analysis: A Comprehensive Review of Methods, Challenges, and Applications

Urban analysis is increasingly reliant on technological and methodological breakthroughs; nevertheless, the integration of spatial statistics has not kept up with advances in geographic information systems (GIS) and other analytical tools. This study examines the use of spatial statistics in urban analysis, focusing on key issues such as spatial association, geographical heterogeneity, and the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Both global and local analytical approaches are stressed, as well as their applicability in urban transportation and land-use studies. The review, which includes a critical examination of present literature and case studies, identifies methodological strengths, persisting challenges, and the implications of spatial analytical approaches for future urban research and practice. The findings emphasize the importance of spatially explicit approaches for uncovering complex urban patterns and supporting more effective policy and planning decisions.