What type of study is this?

This is a Literature Review study (also classified as: Critical Review).

September 10, 2025

Developments and challenges implementing Bill C-92 in Canada: a critical rapid review

Key Points

Significant challenges persist in implementing Bill C-92, particularly in funding and accountability for Indigenous child welfare services.
Progress has been made in reclaiming sovereignty by First Nations communities since Bill C-92 became law on January 1, 2020.
National standards and effective data collection remain major barriers to the successful implementation of child welfare reforms in Ontario.
The review underscores systemic discrimination in child welfare for Indigenous Peoples, despite potential improvements from Bill C-92.

Abstract

Based on a critical rapid review, this article examines the developments and limitations of implementing An Act Respecting First Nations, Inuit and Métis Children, Youth and Families, S.C. 2019 (CAN) (Bill C-92) in Canada and among Indigenous communities in Ontario. Despite progress made by First Nations communities reclaiming sovereignty over child and family services since Bill C-92 became law on January 1, 2020, many challenges related to national standards, jurisdiction, funding, accountability, and data collection remain. Findings related to the history of child welfare services for Indigenous Peoples in Ontario, the context of legislation and implementation of Bill C-92, and the principal limitations of implementing Bill C-92 are presented. This review revealed limited results of studies completed in the province of Ontario. While Bill C-92 is a step towards addressing the systemic discrimination of Indigenous Peoples, there are still significant challenges to be addressed that ensure its effective implementation.

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