Methodological Exploration of Ontology Generation with a Dedicated Large Language Model

Ontologies are essential tools for representing, organizing, and sharing knowledge across various domains. This study presents a methodology for ontology construction supported by large language models (LLMs), with an initial application in the automotive sector. Specifically, a user preference ontology for adaptive interfaces in autonomous machines was developed using ChatGPT-4o. Based on this case study, the results were generalized into a reusable methodology. The proposed workflow integrates classical ontology engineering methodologies with the generative and analytical capabilities of LLMs. Each phase follows well-established steps: domain definition, term elicitation, class hierarchy construction, property specification, formalization, population, and validation. A key innovation of this approach is the use of a guiding table that translates domain knowledge into structured prompts, ensuring consistency across iterative interactions with the LLM. Human experts play a continuous role throughout the process, refining definitions, resolving ambiguities, and validating outputs. The ontology was evaluated in terms of logical consistency, structural properties, semantic accuracy, and inferential completeness, confirming its correctness and coherence. Additional validation through SPARQL queries demonstrated its reasoning capabilities. This methodology is generalizable to other domains, if domain experts adapt the guiding table to the specific context. Despite the support provided by LLMs, domain expertise remains essential to guarantee conceptual rigor and practical relevance.