Inclusive of the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, bidirectional charging is a paradigm shift in moving toward sustainable and smart energy systems. The paper examines technical, economic, and environmental impacts of employing infrastructures based on smart EV with support to the V2G. An all-embracing simulation approach was used, and the grid interactions, behavior of batteries, and operating conditions were modeled at the low (10%), medium (30%), and high (50%) levels of adoption. The findings indicate that peak load reduction of up to 38 percent, 20 percent improvement in frequency stability and high level of line loss reduction, leading to increased grid reliability and operational performance, can be realized by high levels of V2G participation. The economically proves to be very rewarding to EV owners and aggregators with annual net profits of 120 per EV in low participation going up to 350 per EV in high participation situations and system level savings and payback times that strengthen with scale. Environmental analysis underlines positive efforts in achieving decarbonization since CO 2 can be reduced by 770 kg per E. V each year mainly through the optimal use of renewable energy. Nevertheless, the results also revealed some trade-offs especially in the case of battery degradation which aggravates with increased frequency of cycling, the need therefore is to optimize dispatch strategies and facilitate enabling policies. The study comes to the conclusion that wide use of V2G is possible and beneficial, supported by the intelligent control algorithms and user-integration, standardization and incentives, thus making V2G a key enabler of future-proof and low-carbon power systems. Keywords: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), bidirectional charging, electric vehicles, smart grid, battery degradation, peak load reduction, renewable energy integration, grid stability, energy management, sustainable transportation.
Baloch et al. (Tue,) studied this question.