A Critical Review On Environmental Economics And Education For Sustainable Development

Environmental economics and education for sustainable development (ESD) are increasingly recognized as essential, interconnected disciplines in addressing the global challenges of sustainable growth, environmental protection, and social equity. Environmental economics provides the theoretical and analytical tools to value environmental goods, internalize externalities, and design policy instruments that promote sustainable resource use. ESD equips individuals, communities, and policymakers with the knowledge, competencies, and values needed to make responsible decisions for long-term ecological and economic well-being. This review critically examines the theoretical underpinnings, policy relevance, and practical applications of environmental economics in ESD frameworks. Drawing from an extensive body of literature, the paper explores conceptual overlaps, historical evolution, pedagogical strategies, and global case studies, while highlighting persistent challenges such as inadequate curriculum integration, policy fragmentation, and the lack of interdisciplinary expertise. Future research directions are proposed, emphasizing experiential learning, participatory policymaking, circular economy models, and outcome-based education. The paper concludes that embedding environmental economics within ESD not only strengthens environmental literacy but also fosters informed citizenry capable of shaping a just and resilient future.