The significance of historical and architectural traditions for the development of modern national architecture

The article explores the significance of historical and architectural traditions in the development of modern Ukrainian national architecture, particularly in the context of globalization and the necessity of preserving national identity amid external aggression. It highlights the risk of losing cultural uniqueness due to the unification and adoption of international styles, emphasizing the importance of referring to one's own heritage. The study analyzes historical principles that have shaped Ukrainian architecture. It examines key formative principles, such as the nature-based principle (divided into anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, phytomorphic, and astromorphic), the pragmamorphic principle, the protective symbolism principle, and the xenomorphic principle (adoption with reinterpretation). The article also investigates historical principles of urban spatial organization, which have evolved over centuries under various influences, including functionality, ergonomic design, defense, logistics, cultural-ethical aspects, and xenomorphism. Examples from different historical periods (Kyivan Rus, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Hetmanate) illustrate the application of these principles and the development of architectural styles, particularly Cossack Baroque. The article underscores the importance of folk architecture as a source of national identity, demonstrating its connection with nature and symbolic thinking through the use of solar, plant, animal, and geometric motifs. It substantiates the necessity and feasibility of integrating national traditions into contemporary architectural and urban planning practices. Proposed approaches for such integration include creative reinterpretation and adaptation of traditional elements (roof shapes, windows, façade decor), the use of local materials combined with modern technologies, and the application of traditional planning principles (compactness, landscape connection, pedestrian orientation). The need for a systemic approach is emphasized, encompassing government support, educational programs, and overcoming challenges such as societal resistance or a shortage of specialists. The article contributes to understanding the role of architectural heritage in shaping national identity and offers tools for its preservation and development in modern Ukrainian architecture, fostering the creation of a unique and sustainable architectural environment.