Abstract With the rapid advancement of fog-cloud computing, task offloading and workflow scheduling have become pivotal in determining system performance and cost efficiency. To address the inherent complexity of this heterogeneous environment, a novel hybrid optimization strategy is introduced, integrating the Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm, enhanced by a linearly decreasing inertia weight, with the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. This hybridization is not merely a combination but a synergistic fusion, wherein the inertia weight adapts dynamically throughout the optimization process. Such adaptation ensures a balanced trade-off between exploration and exploitation, thereby mitigating the risk of premature convergence commonly observed in standard PSO. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed IPSO-GWO algorithm, extensive simulations were carried out using the FogWorkflowSim framework—an environment specifically developed to capture the complexities of workflow execution within fog-cloud architectures. Our evaluation encompasses a range of real-world scientific workflows, scaling up to 1000 tasks, and benchmarks the performance against PSO, GWO, IPSO, and the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The experimental results reveal that the proposed IPSO-GWO approach consistently outperforms existing baseline methods across key performance metrics, including total cost, average energy consumption, and overall workflow execution time (makespan) in most scenarios, with average reductions of up to 26.14% in makespan, 37.73% in energy consumption, and 12.52% in total cost Beyond algorithmic innovation, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of workflow optimization dynamics in distributed fog-cloud systems, paving the way for more intelligent and adaptive task scheduling mechanisms in future computing paradigms.
Awad et al. (Mon,) studied this question.