The International Conference on Geosciences and Technology (ICOGEST) 2024 is a newly established international forum organized by the Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and the Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. This conference took place on 6-7 November 2024 at Unhas Hotel & Convention, Makassar, Indonesia. In response to the increasingly complex global challenges–including natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and the growing impacts of climate change-ICOGEST was initiated with a vision to strengthen the role of earth sciences in both natural hazard mitigation and responsible exploration of natural resources. The 2024 conference adopted the theme: “ Global Collaboration in Earth Sciences for Natural Hazard Mitigation and Near-Surface Exploration” . This theme emphasizes the necessity of international, interdisciplinary cooperation to improve predictive capabilities, scientific understanding, and response strategies to natural hazard, while also optimizing the sustainable use of near-surface geological resources. In this spirit, ICOGEST 2024 served as a collaborative platform for academics, researchers, and practitioners from diverse institutions, backgrounds, and countries to exchange scientific knowledge, share experiences, present innovative research findings, and build long-term collaborations. The conference featured seven keynote and invited speakers from Indonesia, Singapore, Japan, Australia, and Romania, including the notable contributions from institutions such as the Earth Observatory of Singapore, Chiba University, and PT Leica Geosystem Indonesia. The scientific program included 45 oral presentations, grouped into four main topics: Atmospheric Science, Solid Earth Sciences, Ocean Sciences, and Interdisciplinary Earth Science and Technology. ICOGEST 2024 was attended by more than 180 participants among global researchers, academics, practitioners, and students who contribute and showcase their work. The two-day program consisted of plenary session, which were held simultaneously in three rooms (Innovate A, Innovate B, Innovate C). These sessions covered a wide range of topics, including tectonic deformation, geological investigation, seismic and engineering hazard, geophysical exploration, hydrogeological studies, mining, and remote sensing applications.
Rafie et al. (Tue,) studied this question.