People living with HIV/AIDS face a myriad of discrimination and social stigma experiences. As a result of progress observed throughout the HIV epidemic, an ageing population of people living with HIV/AIDS exists, potentially facing greater mental health challenges from combined chronic conditions and stigma. Hence, this research aims to determine the additional value of age, years living with HIV, and gender, in conjunction with overall and internalized stigma in predicting clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety. The sample consists of 1666 people living with HIV PLHA, aged between 18 and 76 years who participated in a community-based study across Brazil. Participants provided responses on HIV-related stigma, Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma, and to the Patient Health Questionnaire, which demonstrated excellent psychometric proprieties. Gender and stigma increased the likelihood of significant symptoms of anxiety, accounting for the influence of age and years of living with HIV. Odds were higher among those who reported transgender identity (ORa = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.13, 3.70). Also, women reported significantly higher chances for anxiety (ORa = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.76). Both HIV-related (ORa = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.08) and internalized stigma (ORa = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.40) were associated with anxiety. General and internalized stigma were the unique predictors for depression, with adjusted OR ranging from 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.10) to 1.41 (95% CI: 1.31, 1.53), respectively. Stigma constitutes a significant obstacle for initiatives aimed at HIV prevention and therapeutic programmes, and the main findings of this study revealed that factors associated with clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety were predominantly allied with psychosocial stressors and gender identity indicators. Limitations, implications for practice and policy are addressed.
Wendt et al. (Tue,) studied this question.