Development of Catalysts for the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 (eCO2RR) has emerged as a promising route for carbon-neutral fuel and chemical production, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil-based processes. This article begins with an overview of conventional CO2 conversion methods, highlighting their limitations and the advantages of electrochemical approaches under ambient conditions. We focus on recent advancements in electrocatalyst development for the eCO2RR, including metal-based, Cu-based, and metal-free catalysts. Metal-based catalysts are categorized by product selectivity (formate, CO, and multicarbon products), emphasizing their structures and practical performance. Cu-based catalysts are discussed in detail due to their unique capability to produce multicarbon products, with emphasis on design strategies, material types, and performance trends. Additionally, we review emerging metal-free catalysts, including their synthesis, mechanisms, and potential applications. This article provides a comparative analysis to guide future research toward efficient, selective, and durable catalysts for CO2 electroreduction, aiming to accelerate the deployment of carbon capture and utilization technologies.