Biosensors have transformed the field of analytical and diagnostic techniques, offering innovative solutions to the limitations of conventional detection techniques. In this comprehensive review, we explore the challenges faced by traditional detection methods, highlighting the significance and objectives of biosensors by addressing these limitations. We provide an overview of various types of biosensing devices, with a primary focus on electronic devices based on two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly field-effect transistors (FETs), their diverse types, and sensing mechanisms. The review explores recent advances and emerging technologies in biosensing, emphasizing the pivotal role of FET-based sensors in enhancing sensitivity, specificity, and real-time monitoring. Additionally, we discuss the integration of biosensors into wearable devices, offering potential opportunities for continuous health monitoring. The challenges and future directions in biosensor research are critically examined, outlining strategies to address limitations, enhance stability, and reduce interference. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of biosensor commercialization on healthcare systems, emphasizing their growing influence on personalized healthcare. The review encloses a comprehensive comparison of various biosensing devices, their limit of detection (LOD), selectivity, and response time against the various target analytes, providing valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals. This study serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers, scientists, and professionals in the field of biosensors, offering a holistic perspective on emerging technologies and future directions for addressing the ever-evolving challenges in analytical chemistry and healthcare diagnostics.
Dastgeer et al. (Fri,) studied this question.