Exploring Trichosanthes dioica: A Comprehensive Study of Its Ethnomedical Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicity

ABSTRACT Trichosanthes dioica Roxb., a known vegetable, is a climber of the Cucurbitaceae family used traditionally for various therapeutic purposes. This review critically examines recent literature on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicological safety and clinical relevance of the plant. Ethnomedical surveys reveal its widespread use for treating gastrointestinal disorders, skin infections and fever. A broad spectrum of bioactive compounds, including trichosanthin, cucurbitacin B, flavonoids, sterols and triterpenoids (e.g., lupeol, betulin and taraxerol), has been identified across plant parts. Analytical techniques, such as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), have been employed to characterise these constituents. The pharmacological portfolio of T. dioica includes antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, wound‐healing, antipyretic and cytotoxic activities. Compounds like cucurbitacin B and trichosanthin have shown anticancer potential through multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis induction and inflammatory pathway modulation. Clinical observations and polyherbal trials suggest its efficacy in managing peptic ulcers and skin disorders. The plant has demonstrated a favourable safety profile even at high doses. Despite its promising pharmacological attributes, its inclusion in advanced drug delivery systems remains limited. This review highlights the need for systematic standardisation, mechanistic studies and clinical trials to substantiate its therapeutic potential and support future drug development.