Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major neurological emergency that can lead to profound and permanent disability. It poses significant clinical and socioeconomic burdens due to its high morbidity, mortality, and long-term impact on patient functionality and quality of life. Most cases occur in young adult males, with the leading causes being traffic accidents, falls, and sports-related trauma. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the anatomy of the vertebral column and spinal cord, the pathophysiological mechanisms of SCI, clinical syndromes, diagnostic strategies, and both conservative and surgical management approaches. Methods: This study uses a narrative literature review method, synthesizing data from textbooks, scientific articles, and clinical guidelines related to spinal cord injury. Sources were selected based on relevance, scientific validity, and recent updates in SCI management. Results: SCI involves both primary and secondary injury mechanisms that affect the central and peripheral nervous systems. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the level and completeness of the injury and include motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunctions. Diagnosis is supported by neurological examination using the ASIA classification, imaging studies (X-ray, CT, MRI), and specific reflex testing. Management involves acute stabilization, prevention of secondary injury, and long-term rehabilitation. Surgical interventions are considered in cases of instability or compression. Conclusion: Comprehensive understanding of spinal cord anatomy, clinical syndromes, and multidisciplinary management is essential for optimizing outcomes in patients with SCI. Early diagnosis and prompt intervention can reduce complications and improve neurological recovery. Keywords: Spinal cord injury, trauma, pathophysiology, ASIA classification, neurogenic shock, spinal syndromes, literature review
Febriana et al. (Thu,) studied this question.