Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices among Urban Households in Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State Nigeria

Solid Waste Management (SWM) remains an environmental challenge, particularly in developing nations like Nigeria, where there is rapid urbanization, inadequate infrastructure, and weak enforcement of regulations. This study examines the waste management practices, challenges, and potential solutions in Makurdi, Nigeria, with focus on household waste collection and disposal patterns. A descriptive research design was employed, surveying 379 respondents across five locations in Makurdi metropolis. The demographic analysis revealed a predominantly male, working-age population actively involved in waste management, with diverse educational and occupational backgrounds. Household characteristics reflected socioeconomic diversity, with most homes comprising of 4-6 members residing in flats or thatch houses. Findings indicated high daily waste generation, predominantly consisting of organic waste, plastics, and paper/cardboard. Current waste disposal methods relied heavily on municipal systems (82.3%) and composting (58%). Challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, improper waste segregation, and open dumping were pervasive. Urbanization, economic constraints, and education levels were identified as factors influencing waste management behaviors. Respondents expressed dissatisfaction with existing SWM practices, citing environmental and health risks associated with improper disposal. Suggested solutions included infrastructure development (81.8%), strict regulatory enforcement (53.3%), community-based initiatives, and public private partnerships. Incentives for recycling, public education campaigns, and investment in monitoring systems were also recommended to promote sustainable practices.