The protection of minority rights is a cornerstone of both Islamic governance and modern international human rights law, though the philosophical foundations and legal mechanisms differ. This study, examines the principles, historical precedents, and contemporary frameworks safeguarding the rights of non-Muslims. From an Islamic perspective, the Qur’an, Sunnah, and covenants established by the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) affirm justice, equality, and protection for all communities under Muslim rule. Historical examples, including the Charter of Madinah and subsequent treaties, demonstrate a commitment to religious freedom, security of life and property, and social participation for minorities. In parallel, contemporary international law is enshrined in instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) sets global standards for the protection of minority groups, emphasizing non-discrimination, cultural preservation, and equal access to resources. Through a comparative analysis, this research highlights areas of convergence, such as the right to life, property, and religious freedom, alongside divergences rooted in differing legal traditions and interpretative frameworks. While Islamic provisions derive authority from divine revelation and historical practice, international law operates within a secular, consensus-based order. The paper concludes that meaningful dialogue between these systems can strengthen global commitments to minority rights. Recognizing the shared ethical principles and bridging interpretive gaps can pave the way for a more inclusive and universally respected framework for justice.
Zainab Bibi (Fri,) studied this question.