On Definition of Western Modernism and Its Characteristics

The essay explores the complex and often contradictory nature of Modernism, a literary and artistic movement notoriously resistant to definition. While Modernism is frequently characterized as a revolt against tradition, the author argues that it is more accurately understood as an evolutionary step built upon preceding movements rather than a complete break. Despite disagreements over its precise timeline, scholars generally situate Modernism between 1890 and 1930, with its peak in Anglo-American contexts occurring between 1910 and 1925. Modernism encompasses diverse and often opposing schools—such as Imagism, Symbolism, Futurism, and Surrealism—making a unified definition difficult. However, a common thread is the pursuit of newness, whether through rebellion against tradition or innovative techniques. The movement’s rebellious spirit led to radical experimentation, yet many modernist figures (e.g., T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound) ultimately sought to establish new literary orthodoxies, only to be challenged by later movements like Postmodernism. The essay also examines Modernism’s broader cultural and intellectual influences, including philosophy (Kant, Freud), science (Darwinism, Heliocentrism), and social changes (Feminism). These forces reshaped artistic expression, leading to abstraction, fragmentation, and self-reflexivity in literature. However, Modernism’s increasing elitism and anti-popular stance alienated general audiences, contributing to its eventual decline. Ultimately, the author suggests that Modernism should be studied abstractly and historically, recognizing its contradictions while appreciating its innovations in form, ideology, and technique.