Afghanistan has experienced a series of upheavals over the past 40 years. The civil war (1992–1996), the first Taliban rule (1996–2001), the American intervention (2001–2021), and the return of the Taliban (since 2021) have all affected the country’s geopolitical image. Central Asian states have gone from seeing Afghanistan as a threat to recognizing its role in regional stability. Today, it is a symbiosis of risks and new oppor tunities for economic cooperation, which determines its place on the re gional agenda.
O. M. Nessar (Sat,) studied this question.