The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): A Comprehensive Review of architecture, Enabling Technologies, Security Challenges, and Future Perspectives

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) integrates interconnected medical devices, sensors, and systems to collect and analyze health data via internet-based technologies. This ecosystem includes wearables, implantable sensors, and hospital equipment, enabling real-time data acquisition for enhanced clinical decisions, cost reduction, and improved patient outcomes. IoMT supports applications like telemedicine, remote monitoring, and personalized treatment, addressing needs in aging populations and underserved regions. This study examines IoMT’s architecture, comprising device, network, and cloud layers, emphasizing interoperability with healthcare systems. Enabling technologies like 5G, edge computing, AI, and blockchain enhance data transmission and security. However, IoMT faces significant security challenges, including data breaches and unauthorized access, necessitating robust encryption, authentication, and compliance with standards like HIPAA and GDPR. Future directions include AI-driven analytics, personalized medicine, and scalable healthcare models. Despite its potential, issues like privacy, interoperability, and cybersecurity must be addressed for sustainable implementation. This review provides a holistic understanding of IoMT, highlighting its transformative role in smart healthcare and offering insights into its challenges and opportunities.