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September 10, 20250 citations

Lung Cancer in the Era of Precision Oncology

Key Points

Emerging therapies for lung cancer show enhanced survival benefits, with osimertinib demonstrating a median overall survival of 38.6 months in specific patient populations.
Next-generation sequencing helps match 65% of lung cancer patients with targeted treatments, addressing molecular drivers like EGFR and ALK mutations.
Despite progress in precision oncology, challenges such as treatment resistance and tumor heterogeneity remain significant barriers to effective management.
Innovative strategies, including AI diagnostics and CRISPR gene editing, may further enhance precision medicine's impact in overcoming lung cancer's complex challenges.

Abstract

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, necessitating advancements in precision medicine. This review synthesizes current knowledge on molecular mechanisms, diagnostic innovations, and targeted therapies reshaping lung cancer management. The identification of driver mutations (EGFR, ALK, KRAS) has enabled the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), with third-generation agents like osimertinib demonstrating superior survival benefits (median OS: 38.6 months) in EGFR-mutant NSCLC. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) facilitates comprehensive genomic profiling, matching 65% of patients to targeted therapies while detecting resistance mechanisms (e.g., EGFR T790M, MET amplification). Despite progress, challenges persist, including tumor heterogeneity, treatment resistance, and drug delivery limitations. Emerging strategies such as CRISPR-based gene editing, AI-driven diagnostics, and combination therapies (e.g., TKIs + immunotherapy) show promise in preclinical models. Future directions emphasize multi-omics integration, single-cell sequencing, and cost-effective personalized approaches to address socioeconomic disparities in biomarker testing access. Ethical implementation of novel technologies, particularly germline editing, requires rigorous oversight.

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