Advances in Understanding and Managing Multiple Myeloma: From Diagnosis to Treatment

Abstract: Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a complex haematological malignancy characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Associated clinical features include bone lesions, anaemia, renal impairment, and immune dysfunction. Recent advances in understanding MM pathophysiology have enabled the development of targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of MM, with emphasis on novel therapies such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and cellular immunotherapies like CAR-T cells. Special attention is given to emerging techniques such as nextgeneration sequencing and Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) monitoring. These innovations have significantly improved patient outcomes and informed a more personalized approach to treatment. Future prospects, including bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, are also discussed. This comprehensive review aims to guide clinicians and researchers toward improved strategies for diagnosis and long-term disease control in MM.