Deep learning-enabled ultra-broadband terahertz high-dimensional photodetector

Capturing multi-dimensional optical information is indispensable in modern optics. However, existing photodetectors can at best detect light fields whose wavelengths or polarizations are predefined at several specific values. Integrating broadband high-dimensional continuous photodetection including intensity, polarization, and wavelength within a single device still poses formidable challenges. Here we present a metasurface-mediated high-dimensional detector that projects polarimetric and spectral responses into the Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) domain via dispersion-driven OAM multiplication. By decoupling the frequency-controlled transmission phase response and polarization-controlled geometric phase response, spectrum and polarization information are encoded into unique polaritonic vortex patterns, which can be accurately deciphered via machine learning technique. Eventually our neural-network assisted metadevice achieves full characterization of intensity-polarization-frequency 3D continuous parametric space, so that light with arbitrarily mixed polarization states across 0.3-1.1 THz can be accurately detected with total error <5.1%. Our technology also showcases application potential as OAM-mediated information encryption, offering impetus for next-generation high-dimensional photodetectors and information security. Simultaneously capturing polarization and frequency is challenging. This work develops a metasurface-based intelligent photodetector, which can detect arbitrary polarization and frequency within 0.3-1.1 THz with a total error smaller than 5.1%.