Sleep is a fundamental pillar of health, crucial for cognitive, emotional, and physical development in childhood, as well as across the lifespan. Sleep disturbances are prevalent in typically developing children, but they are significantly more common, severe, and persistent in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, developmental language disorder, and dyslexia. These sleep problems often form a vicious cycle, where the core symptoms of the NDD disrupt sleep, and resulting sleep deprivation exacerbates the same cognitive, behavioural, and emotional challenges. This article provides a comprehensive review of the complex interplay between sleep and NDDs. The authors examine the unique sleep profiles associated with specific disorders, explore the underlying neurobiological and behavioural mechanisms, and detail the profound impact on child and family wellbeing. Furthermore, they synthesise evidence-based strategies for assessment and intervention, advocating for a tailored, multidisciplinary approach to manage these complex and often debilitating sleep disturbances.
Weighall et al. (Sat,) studied this question.