Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cognitive, Mood, and Functional Outcomes

Abstract Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and changes in mood and behavior. While current pharmacological treatments offer limited symptom relief, non-invasive therapies like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have emerged as potential alternatives. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of rTMS on cognitive function, mood, and functional abilities in AD patients. Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted, including studies published until December 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving AD patients treated with rTMS were included, with cognitive outcomes measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog). Secondary outcomes included mood (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS), global impression (Clinicians Global Impression of Change, CGIC), and functional performance (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, IADL). Data analysis was conducted using Stata 18.0. Results Thirty five studies with 1794 participants (887 males, 869 females) were included. The overall mean difference in cognition (MMSE) was -0.48 (95% CI -1.41, 0.46, I 2 = 99.42%), suggesting no significant cognitive improvement. In the ADAS-cog scale, the overall mean difference was -2.94 (95% CI -5.13, -0.75, I 2 = 98.61%), indicating a significant treatment effect in favor of rTMS. For mood and functional performance, no significant difference was observed (mean difference -0.96, 95% CI -6.21, 4.30, I 2 = 97.38%). The incidence of adverse events, including headaches and scalp pain, showed no significant differences between groups (log risk ratio for headaches: -0.31, 95% CI -0.84, 0.22, I 2 = 3.20%). Conclusion While rTMS shows potential for improving cognition in AD patients, its effects remain inconsistent. Significant heterogeneity across studies underscores the need for standardized protocols in future research. Additionally, rTMS appears safe, with no significant increase in adverse events.