Diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy: from seizure control to targeted intervention.

Epilepsy management is experiencing a fundamental paradigm shift, moving beyond seizure control toward precision medicine. Despite continuous innovation in antiseizure medications, approximately one-third of patients still develop drug-resistant epilepsy, highlighting the limitations of traditional symptomatic treatment. In recent years, interdisciplinary convergence has catalyzed a series of breakthrough technologies: cerebral organoid technology demonstrates exceptional capability in modeling pathological features of genetic epilepsy, providing revolutionary tools for personalized drug screening and disease-modifying therapy; multimodal brain network imaging has revealed neural network characteristics of epilepsy, driving the transition of treatment models toward precise neural network-based interventions; the synergistic application of AI-driven drug target prediction, novel nano-drug delivery systems, and gene editing technologies offers innovative strategies for intervening in disease progression. Looking ahead, establishing standardized biomarker systems, conducting real-world studies, and optimizing clinical guidelines will further advance epilepsy treatment from seizure control to disease modification, bringing new therapeutic hope to patients.