Food safety is a global priority due to the rising incidence of foodborne diseases, chemical contamination, and supply chain vulnerabilities that threaten public health and food security. Conventional monitoring methods, although reliable, are limited by their long processing times, high costs, and lack of real-time applicability. Recent advances in biosensor technology and Internet-of-Things (IoT) frameworks offer transformative solutions for continuous, rapid, and precise monitoring across the food supply chain. This article reviews the principles of biosensors, their integration with IoT-enabled platforms, and key applications in smart packaging, cold-chain management, and pathogen detection. It also discusses the challenges of standardization, scalability, and cybersecurity, while emphasizing opportunities for artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and blockchain integration to enhance system performance. Next-generation biosensor–IoT systems are expected to redefine food safety monitoring, enabling intelligent, automated, and transparent networks that can significantly reduce risks, improve compliance, and build consumer confidence in global food systems.
Babu et al. (Tue,) studied this question.