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This is a Literature Review study (also classified as: Observational).

September 10, 2025

Opportunities and Difficulties for Vocational Education and Training in India from an External Viewpoint

Key Points

Vocational education and training in India is modernizing due to economic growth and skills gaps, presenting both challenges and opportunities.
Key initiatives over the last decade aim to address both quantitative and qualitative issues in India's vocational education system.
The analysis outlines significant state policies that reframe the vocational education landscape to enhance skills development.
Identifying obstacles alongside opportunities is crucial for the future growth of vocational education and training in India.

Abstract

As a result of India’s rapid economic growth and apparent skills gap, formal vocational education and training (VET) is becoming more and more modernized. For over ten years, the Indian government has placed a high priority on skill development, leading to the creation of state policies and associated initiatives aimed at improving and developing a system beset by both quantitative and qualitative problems. This article discusses policies and initiatives to restructure and improve formal VET in India, as well as providing an overview of the system’s main pillars. Lastly, the primary obstacles and opportunities for the industry’s continued growth are emphasized from various systemic angles.

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