The Emerging Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cerebral Cavernous Malformation: A New Novel Therapeutic Strategy?

Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a cluster of abnormal blood vessels in the brain that leads to severe neurological deficits, seizures, and fatal hemorrhagic stroke. Currently, there is no available drug treatment for CCM. Most CCMs are conservatively managed by observing change in appearance (MRI), recent hemorrhage, or any clinical symptoms. Neurosurgery is the only current treatment option, but it is only effective in a few cases. Since most CCM lesions are surgically inaccessible, when left untreated they lead to severe neurological deficits, seizures, and fatal hemorrhagic stroke. Hence, new non-invasive, safe, and effective treatment strategies are urgently needed. Recent research has identified gut microbiome dysbiosis and its innate immune response as the critical stimulus in experimental CCM pathogenesis, demonstrating the importance of the gut–brain axis in CCM. Importantly, CCM patients also manifest gut microbiome dysbiosis and gut barrier health can impact CCM disease course. This review highlights the emerging involvement of the gut microbiome in CCM pathogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target. While preclinical data suggest mechanistic links, the lack of clinical intervention studies limits current applicability and underscores the need for translational research.