Peptide‐Based Electronics for Neuromorphic Hardware

Abstract CMOS scaling faces atomic‐scale limits and the crippling von Neumann bottleneck, while emerging bio‐integrated artificial intelligence demands neuromorphic hardware with biocompatibility, flexibility, and degradability—requirements unmet by conventional electronics. This review positions peptide‐based electronics as a transformative solution. Through supramolecular assembly, peptides form nanostructures exhibiting quantum‐confined semiconducting, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties. Their inherent biological congruence, mechanical compliance, and stimulus‐responsive intelligence uniquely enable seamless integration with living systems. The material design principles underpinning these functionalities are analyzed and critically evaluate peptide neuromorphic devices: memristors emulating synaptic plasticity via conductance tuning, and synaptic transistors leveraging peptide semiconductors or dielectrics. Crucially, how peptide devices’ convergence of electronic function, environmental adaptability, and biocompatibility unlocks novel bio‐integrated applications is explored—implantable brain‐computer interfaces, biodegradable medical diagnostics, secure adaptive systems, and conformal sensory intelligence. Key challenges in operational stability, scalability, and performance metrics are outlined, yet peptide electronics present a foundational pathway toward truly bio‐integrated neuromorphic computing.