Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the automotive industry by enabling autonomous vehicles (AVs) that have the potential to dramatically improve road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and increase mobility access. Despite these promising benefits, the deployment of AI-driven AVs raises complex challenges that span technical safety concerns, ethical dilemmas, and regulatory uncertainties. This paper provides a thorough examination of these intertwined issues, beginning with an overview of the AI technologies underpinning vehicle autonomy and the current state of AV development. We explore critical safety challenges such as ensuring system robustness in dynamic and unpredictable environments, managing sensor inaccuracies, and mitigating cybersecurity vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors. Additionally, the paper discusses ethical concerns related to AI decision-making in life-critical situations, including moral responsibility, transparency, privacy, and algorithmic bias, which influence public trust and acceptance. On the regulatory front, we analyze the evolving legal frameworks governing AV deployment worldwide, focusing on liability, certification standards, and the harmonization of policies across jurisdictions. Through case studies of notable AV implementations and incidents, we highlight practical lessons that inform safer and more responsible deployment strategies.
Mehra et al. (Mon,) studied this question.