Efforts and Challenges to Control Corruption in Nepal

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status, key efforts, socio-cultural challenges, and strategies implemented to control corruption in Nepal. A survey design was employed involving 300 officers and staff working in the offices of the CIAA, NVC, CIB, and DAO, all primary agencies combating corruption. Data were collected through a self-administered survey conducted both in person and via email. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and MS Excel, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis and Word Cloud visualization. Descriptive statistics revealed that 59% of participant’s perceived corruption to be increasing, 12% believed it was decreasing, and 29% felt it remained unchanged compared to previous years. The most common forms of corruption identified were bribery, embezzlement, and nepotism. Public procurement (60%), judiciary and law enforcement (25%), and land administration (15%) were recognized as the most vulnerable sectors. Political (40%), social (36%), economic (16%), and cultural (8%) factors were the main contributors to corruption. Participants rated the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures on a 5-point scale: Legal and Institutional Framework (3.31), Investigation and Prosecution (3.17), Institutional Setup and Collaboration (3.18), and Promotional Campaigns (3.02). Regression analysis indicated a significant positive effect of the legal and institutional framework on controlling corruption (β = 0.533). ANOVA results showed no significant differences in perception of anti-corruption measure effectiveness among participants. The major challenges in controlling corruption included political interference in decision-making, law enforcement weaknesses, and institutional involvement. Socio-cultural challenges involved acceptance of ‘money matters’ phenomena, a culture of impunity, and social tolerance of corruption culprits. Key strategies recommended to control corruption comprised strengthening anti-corruption institutions, promoting transparency, and upholding the rule of law in Nepal.