The article is dedicated to the study of contemporary directions in the modernization of law enforcement systems in leading countries worldwide and the analysis of main trends in changing their legal status and updating their sphere of authority. The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity of comprehensive reform of Ukraine’s law enforcement system in accordance with European and international standards under conditions of globalization processes, European integration aspirations, and martial law. The judicial practice of the European Court of Human Rights indicates systematic violations in Ukraine, particularly detention without court decisions or non-execution of release orders, which demonstrates insufficient effectiveness of the existing system and urgent need for its modernization. The structural features of law enforcement systems organization in European countries and the USA have been analyzed, and specific characteristics of their functioning have been identified, particularly the branching and diversity of law enforcement systems, the presence of law enforcement agencies in various ministries and departments based on the principle of independence from each other while maintaining close interaction and differentiation by funding sources into state, municipal, and private. The Polish experience regarding the conceptualization of law enforcement within the general national security system has been studied in detail, with the identification of three stages of legal framework development, the specificity of the French police system, which demonstrates movement from centralization to partial decentralization, and the British model of decentralized police based on the combination of state powers and local self-government authorities. Special attention has been paid to analyzing the specialization of police services and their role in ensuring national security, where it is shown that only a small portion of patrol police time is used for conducting arrests, while most activities consist of providing emergency services, maintaining order, and resolving disputes. The concept of «cooperation» in the field of public security, formed in France, has been examined, with its main principles being the priority of human rights and freedoms, recognition of the right to security as a fundamental right, partnership based on agreement, recognition of state responsibility for the level of security, and creation of organizational and legal foundations for interaction.
Myrhorod-Karpova et al. (Thu,) studied this question.