The dynamics of forming legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the European Union

This article explores the process of shaping legal regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in the European Union as part of the broader strategy of digital transformation. The development stages of the regulatory framework are analyzed, starting from early political initiatives and recommendations to the drafting of specific legislative acts, notably the European Artificial Intelligence Act. Key EU institutions involved in establishing legal mechanisms are identified, including the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Council of the EU. Particular attention is given to the principles underpinning the EU’s legal approach to AI, such as safety, transparency, accountability, respect for human rights, and adherence to ethical standards. The article highlights the interrelation between scientific and technological progress in the AI field and the necessity for timely legal response from EU institutions. It also addresses the challenges of implementing new regulatory provisions into the national legal systems of EU member states, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a balance between innovation and legal certainty. Based on the conducted analysis, conclusions are drawn regarding the trends in the development of AI legal regulation in the EU, and the prospects for further improvement of the regulatory framework are outlined in light of dynamic technological changes. European legislation has undergone a lengthy process before the adoption of Regulation (EU) No. 2024/1689 on July 12, 2024. This study focuses not on the legal text itself but on the principles and regulatory aspects on which the European Commission based its concept. Our main objective is to contribute to the effective implementation of the Regulation and deepen the understanding of the interaction between technology and its legal regulation. In this context, we broadly analyze the main dilemmas of technological development and legal governance, and specifically address the issues raised by the adopted Regulation. After a lengthy codification process, on July 12, 2024, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, also known as the AI Act, was published in the Official Journal of the EU. This regulation governs the use of artificial intelligence in the European Union from a comprehensive perspective. The AI Act was adopted by the EU co-legislators in May 2024 and will enter into force 20 days after its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. It will be applicable starting from August 2, 2026.