Literary Psychologism And The Representation Of Consciousness: A Comparative Study Of Western, Russian, And Uzbek Traditions

This article examines the concept of literary psychologism as an essential artistic method that depicts the inner world of characters, their emotions, and their interaction with external reality. Drawing on Western, Russian, and Uzbek literary traditions, the study traces how psychological and philosophical theories of the late 19th and early 20th centuries—particularly those of Freud, William James, Nietzsche, and Bergson—influenced the representation of consciousness, inner conflict, and character development in literature. The analysis highlights key techniques such as stream of consciousness, interior monologue, analepsis, oneiric description, and unreliable narration, alongside indirect methods like characterization, landscape, leitmotif, symbolism, and subtext. The article also explores the manifestation of psychologism across genres including prose, poetry, drama, and modern forms such as graphic novels and digital storytelling. Findings suggest that literary psychologism not only enriched realism and modernism but also provided a framework for cross-cultural literary traditions, enabling deeper insight into the complexities of human consciousness.