A Comparative Study the ‘Tukang Karang’ of Previous and Present Era in Boria Performance at Penang

One of the traditional performing arts originating from Penang is Boria, which has undergone various changes since the 19th century. Originally, Boria was performed to lament the historical events at Karbala, but it has since been adapted to address current issues. Boria performances consist of two segments: a sketch or acting segment (first segment) and singing accompanied by music and dance (second segment). One of the key components of Boria is the tukang karang, who serves as the lead singer and brings the performance to life in the second segment. This study aims to compare the role of the tukang karang from a historical perspective, showing how changes over time have affected Boria performances. A qualitative approach is employed by examining historical sources, conducting interviews with Boria practitioners, and observing Boria performances. The results indicate significant differences in the approach of the tukang karang between the past and the present. In the past, the tukang karang created rangkap karangan spontaneously, whereas now, the rangkap karangan are prepared in advance. This change reflects the need to adapt to contemporary times. By understanding the comparison between the tukang karang of the past and present, this study provides readers with a valuable historical perspective, ensuring that important knowledge and experiences are not lost. It also serves as a useful reference for other researchers, offering in-depth data and analysis on the role of the tukang karang in Boria.