Self-sampling for HPV genotyping: a study of vaginal and urine collection in Brazilian women with high-grade lesions

In Brazil - a country of continental dimensions with marked socioeconomic disparities - the use of self-collected samples and first-void urine for cervical cancer screening may be particularly valuable. This study aimed to assess the acceptability of two self-sampling approaches - first-void urine collection and vaginal self-sampling - among women diagnosed with high-grade cervical lesions (CIN2+) referred to a tertiary care center. Additionally, the study evaluated the concordance of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) test results obtained from self-collected samples compared to those collected by a healthcare professional. This cross-sectional study included 100 women. Participants completed a structured questionnaire on clinical history, demographics, gynecological and obstetric background. Following an instructional video, they performed self-collection of urine and vaginal samples. All participants then underwent colposcopic examination for lesion assessment and therapeutic planning. HPV DNA testing was conducted, and agreement analysis was performed between sample types. Both urine and vaginal self-collection methods were reported as easy and comfortable. Instructions were considered easy or very easy by nearly all participants for all collection methods. Clinician-collected sampling was associated with higher embarrassment and discomfort. Agreement analysis showed excellent concordance for HPV 16 and other high-risk HPV types between self-collected, urine, and clinician-collected samples, with all comparisons reaching statistical significance. Urine and vaginal self-collection are feasible, acceptable, and reliable methods. Urine sampling was the preferred method in the present study. High concordance with clinician-collected samples confirms their clinical utility, and the positive response to instructional videos highlights the importance of educational support.