Artificial Intelligence in the Judiciary, AI Judges, and Its Applicability in North Macedonia

This paper aims to examine the potential impact of artificial intelligence in judicial systems and assess the readiness of legal institutions and professionals to adopt and implement AIbased tools in adjudication and court management. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being integrated into various areas of judicial systems. From legal analysis to decision support tools, from court administration to automated adjudication, AI technologies have the potential to improve the speed, accuracy, and efficiency of judicial processes. This article outlines the general framework of AI implementation in the judiciary, explores the concept of “AI judges,” and examines the applicability of such technologies in the Republic of North Macedonia. Considering the current legal and constitutional context, as well as technological limitations, the integration of AI into North Macedonia’s judiciary appears conditionally feasible. This study has been conducted based on a diverse range of sources, including various books, scholarly articles, peer-reviewed journals, and official reports published by key public institutions. Accordingly, the article examines the use of artificial intelligence in the judiciary and legal system under four main subheadings: theoretical framework, ethical concerns, technological infrastructure, and legal regulations. Each of these dimensions has been explored in a more concrete and detailed manner. As a result, it is argued that for North Macedonia to implement AI systems within its judiciary, it should first develop a comprehensive national AI strategy, initiate both legislative and constitutional reforms with reference to comparative law, and align with EU standards. Furthermore, it should adhere to the fundamental principles outlined throughout this study. However, critical questions remain regarding how such applications can be reconciled with fundamental legal principles such as the rule of law, the right to a fair trial, transparency, and accountability. This study contributes to the emerging literature on AI in justice systems by offering a context-specific analysis of its applicability within a developing legal and institutional framework, using North Macedonia as a case study.