Matcha Tea in the Prevention of Lifestyle Diseases: From Oxidative Stress to Nervous System Regulation

The aim of this article was to review the current literature concerning the potential role of matcha tea in the prevention of civilization-related diseases, with particular emphasis on its impact on oxidative stress, metabolic regulation, and nervous system functioning. Available experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies published in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to 2023 were analyzed. The review considered research evaluating the chemical composition of matcha, the biological mechanisms of action of its bioactive components (catechins, L-theanine, caffeine, vitamins, and minerals), as well as their significance in the prevention and support of therapy for chronic diseases. Matcha stands out from traditional green tea due to the consumption of whole powdered leaves, which increases the bioavailability of active compounds. The catechins it contains, particularly EGCG, exhibit antioxidant activity by activating Nrf2-dependent defense pathways, inhibiting NF-κB activation, and reducing oxidative modification of LDL. L-theanine, by modulating neurotransmission and acting synergistically with caffeine, supports concentration, reduces stress, and enhances cognitive functions. Matcha may beneficially influence lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity, body weight, and neuroprotective processes, and it also demonstrates chemopreventive potential. However, its limitations include the content of caffeine and vitamin K, the risk of contamination with heavy metals and pesticides, as well as the insufficient number of clinical studies assessing its long-term safety and effectiveness. Matcha represents a promising nutraceutical with potential in the prevention of civilization-related diseases. Its regular, moderate consumption may support antioxidant, metabolic, and neuroprotective mechanisms. Nonetheless, further well-designed clinical trials involving large populations are necessary to confirm the effectiveness and safety of matcha use in public health practice.