Detection of CO2, CO, and H2O in the atmosphere of the warm sub-Saturn HAT-P-12b

The chemical composition of warm gas giant exoplanet atmospheres (with T_ ̊m eq < 1000 ;̊m K) is not well known due to the lack of observational constraints. HAT-P-12, b is a warm, sub-Saturn-mass transiting exoplanet that is ideal for transmission spectroscopy. We aim to characterise its atmosphere and probe the presence of carbonaceous species using near-infrared observations. One transit of HAT-P-12, b was observed in spectroscopy with NIRSpec in the 2. 87-5. 10 μm range with a resolving power of ∼1000. The data are combined with archival observations from WFC3 covering the 1. 1-1. 7 μm range. The data were analysed using two data reduction pipelines and two atmospheric retrieval tools. Atmospheric simulations using chemical forward models were performed to interpret the spectra. CO₂, CO, and H₂O are detected at 12. 2, 4. 1, and 6. 0 σ confidence, respectively. Their volume mixing ratios are consistent with an atmosphere of ∼10times solar metallicity and production of CO2 by photochemistry. CH₄ is not detected and seems to be lacking, which could be due to a high intrinsic temperature with strong vertical mixing or other phenomena. SO₂ is also not detected and its production seems limited by low upper atmosphere temperatures (∼500 K at Płesssim10^-3 bar derived from one-dimensional retrievals), insufficient to produce it in detectable quantities (≳ 800 K required according to photochemical models). H₂S is marginally detected using one data analysis method, but not by the other. Retrievals indicate the presence of clouds between 10^-1 and 10^-3 bar. The derived C/O ratio is below unity, but is not well constrained. This study points towards an atmosphere for HAT-P-12, b that could be enriched in carbon and oxygen with respect to its host star, a possibly cold upper atmosphere that may explain the non-detection of SO2 and a CH4 depletion that is yet to be fully understood. When including the production of CO2 via photochemistry, an atmospheric metallicity that is close to Saturn's can explain the observations. Metallicities inferred for other gas giant exoplanets based on their CO2 mixing ratios may need to account for its photochemical production pathways. This may impact studies on mass-metallicity trends and links between exoplanet atmospheres, interiors, and formation history.