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September 21, 2025

For the Sake of Borderland Defense: The Creation of Qinghai Province on the Inner Asian Frontier of Republican China

Key Points

The article shows that political struggles in Republican China facilitated the establishment of Qinghai Province.
Borderland defense emerged as a key strategy during the establishment of China's national sovereignty in Inner Asia.
This research employs Qinghai as a case study to analyze the influence of local leaders on provincial creation.
The findings highlight how domestic power struggles among leaders influenced territorial administration in Inner Asia.

Abstract

Abstract: Inner Asia, home to diverse non-Han peoples, was governed as several dependencies by the Qing Empire. In response to foreign encroachments beginning in the late nineteenth century, Han officials prioritized borderland defense and advocated for province building in these regions to safeguard Qing territorial integrity. Following the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, frontier warlords adopted this strategy and affirmed their commitment to national sovereignty. Although they promoted Chinese territorial administration as the foundation for borderland defense, no new provinces were created until 1928. This article uses Qinghai as a case study to explore the way in which borderland defense served as a justification for the disparate goals of frontier warlords, provincial officials, and national leaders. By highlighting the operationalization of borderland defense within Republican politics, the article argues that domestic power struggles contributed to the creation of Qinghai, Ningxia, Rehe, Chaha’er, and Suiyuan Provinces, reinforcing China’s sovereignty in Inner Asia.

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