Understanding the diversity of avocado production systems is crucial for developing effective agricultural policies and extension strategies. This study examined the Colombian avocado variety “Lorena” in the Colombian lowlands of Casanare through spatial typology analysis to inform sustainable agricultural development strategies. We employed spatial autoregressive modeling and clustering techniques to analyze data from 45 production systems, revealing heterogeneity despite small-scale operations with productivity (2.9 ton ha−1) below regional (8 ton ha−1) and national averages (11.03 ton ha−1). Five distinct typologies emerged: transitional traditional (n = 15), intensive technical management (n = 4), experience-based traditional (n = 5), balanced management (n = 10), and comprehensive technical systems (n = 11). In contrast to conventional assumptions about economies of scale, productivity was not primarily determined by farm size, as smaller intensive technical management systems achieved the highest yields (3375 kg) despite having the smallest size (162.50 trees), followed by experience-based traditional systems (3280 kg). The spatial autoregressive model effectively captured spatial dependence in yield patterns, demonstrating the importance of geographic context in agricultural system analysis. Technology/practice adoption patterns varied markedly, with high adoption of established practices (>90%) but low foliar analysis adoption (17.78%). High organic fertilization adoption (93.33%) reflected a commitment to environmental sustainability but may partially explain productivity gaps, highlighting trade-offs between sustainability and short-term yield optimization. Socioeconomic analysis revealed characteristics of part-time farming systems, with 91.11% of producers having additional income sources and 95.56% using hired labor, suggesting evolved livelihood strategies that may enhance resilience. These findings challenge one-size-fits-all development approaches and demonstrate the need for tailored, spatially targeted interventions that account for specific production system characteristics, multiple pathways to sustainable intensification, and the complex interactions between productivity, sustainability, and socioeconomic factors in smallholder agriculture.
Taramuel-Taramuel et al. (Sat,) studied this question.