Microbiome diversity in mosquitoes and sand flies: implications for vector competence

Abstract Mosquitoes and sand flies are the most important vectors of several human diseases. A comprehensive analysis of the diversity and composition of the microbiome in mosquitoes and sandflies is important. It emphasises shared traits and distinctive differences between these vector species. Recent findings have demonstrated that physiological, environmental and ecological factors influence the diversity of these microbial communities. A deeper understanding of the functional roles of specific microbial taxa, such as their ability to modulate host immune responses or directly interact with pathogens, reveals exciting opportunities for innovative vector management strategies. These strategies could leverage microbiome manipulation to disrupt the transmission of disease-causing agents. However, despite notable advancements, critical gaps remain in unravelling the precise mechanisms by which these microbiome compositions influence vector competence. Ultimately, this understanding can be leveraged to harness the potential of microbiome-based interventions in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases. This review explores the intricate relationships between microbial communities and key vectors, highlighting how these interactions influence the dynamics of pathogen transmission. Graphical abstract