Cost Control and Risk Management in the Logistics and Transportation Segment of the Pulp Supply Chain

This review examines cost control and risk management strategies in the logistics and transportation segment of the pulp supply chain. The study first analyzes the structure and key characteristics of pulp logistics, highlighting the critical nodes and cost drivers that influence operational efficiency. It then explores major cost components, including transportation, handling, storage, and inventory, and evaluates strategies such as route optimization, multimodal transport, automation, and collaborative logistics to reduce expenses. Key risks—including operational, financial, environmental, geopolitical, and market-related factors—are identified and assessed for likelihood and impact, with examples illustrating potential disruptions. The review further discusses mitigation approaches, including insurance, contingency planning, contract management, and the adoption of digital technologies like IoT and AI for real-time monitoring and predictive decision-making. Finally, emerging trends, such as digitalization, AI-driven logistics, and sustainable transport solutions, are examined, emphasizing the integration of cost and risk management for resilient and efficient supply chains. Recommendations for practitioners and future research directions are provided to enhance supply chain performance, sustainability, and risk resilience.