Electric vehicle battery swap stations: an overview and critical review

Abstract Growing the need for effective, large-scale, and easy charging facilities has been induced by the success of electric vehicles (EVs). Battery Swap Stations (BSS) are one of the more recent options to conventional plug-in charging that hold solutions to issues of battery degrading, range anxiety, and extended recharging time. Grounded on the five most critical objections to mass deployment—infrastructure requirements, interoperability and standardization, consumer behavior and marketplace receptiveness, security and regulation, and technology viability in the context of changing trends, this review paper offers a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of BSS. The study analyzes the financial and technological aspects of BSS, takes account of environmental and regulatory matters, and covers actual implementations like in China and India based on tapping into a large body of recent literature. The evidence suggests that although strategic use of BSS, especially for shared mobility, commercial fleets, and energy integration, is valuable, its mass use still hinges on overcoming standardization barriers, harmonizing policy incentives, and developing cooperative industry structures. Concluding from the review findings, BSS may be a future-proofing and complementing component of the global EV ecosystem and not a palliative.