Bovine Tropical Theileriosis: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Immunopathogenesis and Integrated Management Strategies

Bovine tropical theileriosis, a serious tick-borne illness caused by Theileria annulata, poses a significant threat to cattle health and productivity in tropical countries. The disease spreads through Hyalomma ticks and results in substantial economic losses due to high infection rates, fatalities, and decreased productivity in cattle. Symptoms typically include fever, anemia, jaundice, swollen lymph nodes and multi-organ failure. Young calves are at higher risk, emphasizing the importance of early preventive measures. Study shows that the disease follows seasonal patterns, with outbreaks peaking during summer and monsoon months. Diagnostic tools, like PCR and serological tests, have enhanced detection precision. The parasite manipulates host immune cells, triggering uncontrolled cell growth, oxidative damage, disrupted cytokine activity, and weakened immunity. Blood tests often reveal low hemoglobin, reduced red blood cell counts, and increased inflammatory markers. Diagnosis can be carried out by clinical signs, microscopic lesions, and advanced molecular testing. Treatment involves specific antiparasitic drugs like buparvaquone along with supportive care. Though, the eliminating the disease is difficult due to carrier animals and widespread tick populations. Effective control requires multi-pronged strategy, that includes tick control, vaccination programs, and selective breeding of resistant native cattle breeds. Sustainable solutions are essential to minimize economic damage and enhance cattle health in affected areas.