Abstract This article aims to assess Indonesia’s adherence to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), particularly in the context of illegal shrimp pond activities in Karimunjawa, Indonesia. Illegal shrimp pond activities have been occurring in Karimunjawa since 2016 and have resulted in pollution of the coastal environment. This issue is of particular concern given the area’s designation as a conservation area for preserving aquatic nature, underscoring the need for its protection. Indonesia ratified UNCLOS on December 31, 1985, establishing an obligation to ensure the alignment of existing national and local regulations. The findings suggest that national, regional, and local laws have been formulated to address the prevention of marine pollution and the conservation of protected areas. However, these regulations have not been fully implemented, with an emphasis on preventing the emergence of illegal shrimp pond operations. The implementation of existing regulations is facing barriers due to the ongoing conflict of interest between the economic beneficiaries and those negatively affected by environmental degradation. Therefore, political determination is essential, particularly to avert significant environmental consequences resulting from this unsustainable economic activity.
Fatharini et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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