Abstract. Downdrafts play an essential role in the feedback between convective clouds and their surrounding environment, and they must be properly accounted for in cumulus parameterizations (CPs). The mechanisms for downdraft formation are often debated in past literature and inconsistently represented in CPs. To address this uncertainty, we investigate the ring of descent surrounding cloudy updrafts known as a subsiding shell, a leading contributor to downdraft mass flux. We analyze two LES of deep convection in the Amazonian dry and wet season, using composite soundings from the Green Ocean Amazon Campaign. The dry and wet season soundings differ in their middle tropospheric relative humidity (RH), which facilitates an assessment of the influence of RH on shell strength. Kinetic energy budgets along trajectories reveal that shells acquire their descent from evaporatively driven negative effective buoyancy along cloud edge and downward oriented dynamic pressure accelerations associated with the toroidal circulations of updraft thermals. Consistent with observations, shell downdrafts were strongest in the dry season simulation. Contrary to hypotheses which attributed this difference to greater evaporative cooling, we find that dry season shell downdrafts associated with deep convection were stronger because of larger dynamic pressure accelerations in the dry season. However, when investigating cumulus congestus clouds, negative effective buoyancy accelerations become increasingly important relative to pressure accelerations. The stronger accelerations in deep convective shells were attributed to stronger dry season updrafts, and consequently more intense toroidal circulations within thermals. Our results provide a foundation of understanding for future improvement of downdraft representation in CPs.
Mulhern et al. (2025) studied this question.