China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): a strategic framework for ASEAN engagement

This study analyzes ASEAN engagement with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through a dual-theoretical view: Realism and Relational Theory. It examines how ASEAN states navigate the geopolitical and developmental implications of Chinese-led infrastructure projects by comparing three key cases: the China–Laos Railway and the China–Myanmar Oil and Gas Pipeline. Using a qualitative comparative approach, the paper operationalizes both theories to interpret the strategic motives, governance models, and regional impacts of each case. Realism emphasizes power asymmetry, state interests, and strategic leverage, while Relational Theory highlights trust-building, negotiated cooperation, and regional embeddedness. The findings suggest that ASEAN countries adopt pragmatic strategies—simultaneously hedging against dependence and engaging relationally to advance national goals. By integrating both theoretical perspectives, the study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how infrastructure diplomacy shapes regional order and state behavior in Southeast Asia.