LED photobiomodulation: From dermatological care to neuroprotection and pain management – review

Photobiomodulation (PBM) using LED light in the red (600–650 nm) and blue (400–495 nm) spectra is a promising non-invasive approach in aesthetic and dermatological treatments. This study reviews PBM’s effects, focusing on red light’s deeper skin penetration that stimulates mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, enhancing ATP production, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen synthesis, which supports anti-aging and reduces inflammation. Blue light activates porphyrins, exhibiting antibacterial properties effective against acne. However, in darker skin phototypes (Fitzpatrick IV–VI), blue light may worsen hyperpigmentation through Opsin-3–mediated melanogenesis. Additionally, PBM benefits mood and sleep by improving neuronal metabolism and cerebral blood flow. The review compares LED-based PBM, which is safer and more accessible for home use, with laser-based PBM, offering higher precision. Current studies show promising clinical results but highlight the need for optimized treatment protocols and long-term outcome assessments.