Earthquake Magnitude and Source Parameter Estimation with a Distributed Acoustic Sensing Dataset in the Gorda Subduction Zone

ABSTRACT Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) systems offer a cost-effective way to create large-scale strainmeter arrays for seismological applications using fiber-optic cables. DAS-based strain measurements are known to be influenced by various factors, bringing into question their general reliability for accurate earthquake characterization. A 15-km-long DAS deployment in northern California was operational within 3 days of the 2022 Mw 6.4 Ferndale earthquake and ran continuously throughout the aftershock sequence. We utilize these aftershock data to validate DAS-based strain measurements in two ways. We first test the accuracy of DAS-based magnitude estimates from peak dynamic strains by comparing them with magnitude and attenuation scaling relations derived independently from traditional borehole strainmeter (BSM) data. We demonstrate that DAS-based magnitudes are comparable to BSM-based magnitudes when corrections for variations in site response along the fiber-optic cable are properly made. Magnitude errors are spatially correlated, potentially because of factors such as finite-fault effects (e.g., stress drop) or more complex, unmodeled path attenuation or because of wave propagation effects in heterogeneous media. We then apply more advanced source characterization methodology to the DAS data using a time-domain empirical Green’s function (EGF) deconvolution approach to measure details of the moment rate history. The EGF approach using DAS data depends on careful treatment of distorting factors such as anthropogenic sources of noise and optical phase wrapping but successfully isolates source spectra for moderate-magnitude earthquakes: source spectral ratios obtained from DAS data, broadband seismometer data, and BSM data in the same region show consistent results, revealing differences in directivity and spectral shape among earthquakes. Although further research is needed to refine source-time-function estimation techniques for DAS data, particularly for larger magnitude events, these case studies demonstrate the clear potential of DAS for earthquake source characterization.