This comprehensive study examines biotechnology objects as fundamental subjects of contemporary private (civil) law relations, analyzing their distinctive characteristics, comprehensive classification systems, and evolving legal frameworks across multiple jurisdictions. The research employs comparative legal analysis methodology to investigate the complex dialectical relationship between natural and artificial elements inherent in biotechnology objects, their unique reproducibility capabilities, and the multifaceted risk factors they present to legal systems worldwide. The study systematically reveals that biotechnology objects constitute an exceptionally complex legal category requiring highly specialized jurisprudential approaches due to their inherent dual nature, which fundamentally combines natural biological materials with sophisticated technological intervention processes. The comprehensive classification framework developed encompasses three primary categories: biological materials, including genetic sequences and cellular preparations; biotechnological processes, encompassing genetic engineering methodologies; and biotechnological products, including pharmaceutical preparations and diagnostic systems, each requiring distinct intellectual property protection mechanisms and regulatory oversight approaches.
Sardor Mamanazarov (Tue,) studied this question.